Residual Stress Measurement by the Hole-Drilling Method Residual Stress Measurement by the Hole-Drilling Method | HBM

MTS3000 - 殘餘應力測試系統

殘餘應力存在於物體內部，外部沒有任何徵兆，但是會影響其力學性能，因此，測量物體內部的殘餘應力是必不可少的。採用快速鑽孔方式，1.6 mm 的孔深入到物體內部，這樣任何的應變變化將會被應變計測量到.

現在，SINT Technology提供整個的測量鏈讓應力測量過程更加容易。鑽孔機以300 000 revs./min運轉產生鑽孔。隨著步進電機的逐步推進，應力的變化將會被專為此設計的應變花檢測到.

整個的信號處理都是通過數位方式進行的，包括控制功能以及4種運算方程。

所有的測量過程都是通過PC控制的，這可以保證測量的高精度和重複性.

SINT Technology

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Back Calculation Method

The reprocessing software allows the residual stresses in the material to be calculated from the measured strains.

The choice of back calculation method is very important in producing the most accurate representation of the real stress state. Many researchers have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the extensive literature describing the hole drilling method.

Currently, four different back calculation methods exist in the reprocessing software: the Uniform Stress Method according to ASTM E837-13 standard, the Non-Uniform Method according to ASTM E837-01 standard, the Schwarz- Kockelmann’s Method and the Integral Method.

Uniform Stress Method [Standard ASTM E 837-01]

This method, described in the ASTM E 837-01 standard, is based on the assumption that stresses do not vary with distance from the specimen’s surface. For this reason, the method does not consider spatial resolution. Nevertheless, when measured residual stresses are close to uniform stress field, this is the best method to choose, because it is the least sensitive to the effects of test errors.

It provides also a fast estimate of the average residual stress level into the specimen; that’s why this type of calculation is universally used and accepted.

Non-Uniform Stress Method [Standard ASTM E 837-13]

This method, described in the ASTM E 837-13 standard, introduces the computation of non-uniform stresses. Calculation steps and depth are fixed by this standard, and the calculation process refers to the Integral Method (see below for further details) with Tikhonov regularization to reduce the random errors in the calculated stresses.

The ASTM E 837-13 is the only complete standard on residual stresses available at world level.

Schwarz-Kockelmann’s method

Kockelmann’s method is based on the theory that there is a correlation function between the strain derivative and the stress distribution, expressed as a function of the hole’s depth. The bond is formed by a pair of coefficients (Kx and Ky), calculated on a simulation model, that relate stress and strain.

From these stress values it is possible to calculate the principal stresses and angle by using Mohr’s Circle.

Integral Method

This method, proposed by G. S. Schajer, provides a separate residual stress analysis at every hole-drilling depth increment. In this method, the contributions to the total measured strain relaxations of the stresses at all depths are considered simultaneously giving a higher spatial resolution than the other methods.

To simplify the problem of residual stress evaluation, Schajer proposed that the stress field could be described by means of step-wise functions whose value is constant through the partial hole depths. Using this hypothesis, Schajer established the numerical coefficients that are used for the calculation. The maximum depth that the method can be used for is 0.5 times the mean radius of the strain rosette used for the test.

The integral method should be chosen when residual stresses are expected to vary significantly with depth; however, it also has the highest sensitivity to test errors.

Flyer Residual Stress Measurements